Showing posts with label Ukraine. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ukraine. Show all posts

Friday, December 19, 2025

Why a US War with Venezuela Would Benefit Russia | Dmitry Seleznyov

As cynical and crude as it may sound, a US war with Venezuela would benefit Russia. Venezuela could become America's "Ukraine," diverting US attention and resources away from our own conflict in Ukraine. The United States risks getting bogged down in a war it starts—especially if it launches a ground operation. In that case, Venezuela could turn into a second Vietnam for the US. Either way, South American countries would likely rally in solidarity to support it, uniting the continent in a fight against the "gringos." 
 

It won't be possible to tear the country apart with impunity; there won't be an easy walkover, and the US could face unacceptable losses. On the international stage, Russia and China would provide support—both politically and through hybrid means. On one hand, we'd be whispering sweet nothings to those 
Witkoffs or whoever's in charge in that administration, while on the other, quietly fueling Maduro's fire. Why not? If others can do it, why can't we? Of course, we'd offer help with the constraint that we're still tied down in Ukraine, but we'd do what we can.  
 
» Why not? If others can do it, why can't we? «
 
If things in Venezuela escalate to a hot phase and body bags start flowing back to Trump's "Great America," the MAGA electorate won't like it. Trump was elected to do the opposite. Fighting a war in Venezuela isn't just getting involved for Israel's sake or bombing Iran on the other side of the world—this one's right in America's backyard, with short supply lines. Not to mention that Trump would permanently lose his carefully cultivated image as a "peacemaker," the one he wants to be remembered for in history. A war in Venezuela would brand him forever as the man who tied a bloody ribbon of a second Vietnam around America's neck. Does Trump want that? Doubtful.
 
But Trump is pushing hard—he always plays the bluff game. Recently, Mr. Twitter declared a no-fly zone, and just the other day, he went even further with a full blockade. In effect, that's already a declaration of war. Will Maduro escalate? Sure, a direct conflict could end in different ways, but if Trump has already sentenced the Venezuelan president, what does he have to lose? Escalation often leads to de-escalation. Remember how young Kim Jong-un told Trump to get lost on surrendering nuclear weapons—and nothing happened; he ended up as a "good guy."
 
But for now, our friend Maduro is acting unconvincingly. Chanting "peace, peace, peace" won't stop an inevitable war. "You're only guilty of making me hungry," as the fable goes—red-haired Donnie's intentions are clear. So why wait? Look at the "barefoot" Houthis—they drove off American ships from clustering near their coast. And they're still standing strong

Or what—surrender?

 
Caracas, December 18, 2025: Venezuelan naval forces have begun escorting non-sanctioned oil tankers carrying petroleum derivatives, reportedly destined for China, in direct response to US President Donald Trump's December 16 announcement of a "total and complete blockade" targeting sanctioned vessels entering or leaving Venezuela. The escalation follows the US seizure on December 10 of the tanker Skipper, carrying approximately 1.9 million barrels of Venezuelan crude, which Trump indicated the US would retain. 
 

Venezuela has condemned these actions as aggression, requesting an urgent United Nations Security Council meeting to address perceived violations of international law. Domestically, PDVSA workers staged protests across multiple states in defense of national sovereignty, while Vice President Delcy Rodríguez reaffirmed the uninterrupted operation of the hydrocarbons sector. Amid the tensions, President Nicolás Maduro reported that Venezuela achieved 9 percent GDP growth in 2025 despite sanctions, with projections of at least 7 percent for 2026.

Tuesday, December 2, 2025

Is Ukraine Developing Nuclear Weapons with UK and France? | Gerry Nolan

If Kim Dotcom is right (his bating average is very high), and Ukraine really is developing nuclear weapons with UK and French help, then Europe isn’t just escalating. It’s playing Russian roulette with civilization. And the worst part? It’s plausible. Horrifyingly plausible.

» Ukraine is developing nuclear weapons with the help of the UK and France. This is why the peace process takes so long. 
The US knows and it is playing on time. Ukraine is a US client state. If Trump wanted peace he would have it immediately. 
Russia is being played. « — Kim Dotcom, December 1, 2025.
NATO’s top general has now crossed the line from deterrence into madness. Admiral Giuseppe Cavo Dragone has publicly floated the idea of "preventive action" against Russia—meaning pre-emptive strikes on targets "where drones could be ready to be launched." Europe isn’t defending itself; Europe is announcing that it is preparing for war and is ready to strike first. This is elite panic—the behavior of governments that fear their own people far more than they fear Moscow.
This adds up sadly... That Ukraine is developing a nuclear program with assistance from Britain and France, a charge that will be dismissed in Western capitals, but one that fits too neatly with Kiev's own public statements. This isn’t a wild accusation from the fringe. Ukraine’s leadership has repeatedly signaled nuclear ambitions: from Zelensky in Munich hinting at abandoning the Budapest Memorandum, to the ambassador, Andrey Melnyk, in Berlin threatening nuclear rearmament, to “we may need nukes if NATO won’t take us.” These aren’t slips. They are warnings and confessions disguised as hypotheticals.

Zelensky's potential replacement, Zaluzhny, suggests Ukraine could deploy nuclear weapons as a
security guarantee. According to the dismissed general, other options include NATO membership or
a "large military contingent" to confront Russia. They just crave a nuclear showdown.
 
And now? Europe is openly discussing preemptive strikes on Russia. NATO’s top general, Cavo Dragone, floated "preventive action" against Russian sites, code language for first-strike doctrine. Russia responded by calling it "an extraordinarily irresponsible step." They’re right. This is not deterrence but brinkmanship from a political class that has lost its mind, and knows it.
 
»
I was actually in Monaco earlier this summer… and every other car there was an Italian supercar, like a Pagani or Bugatti, and
they all had UKRAINE plates. They’re STEALING that money, and it’s just one big corrupt scandal. «Donald Trump Jr.
 
Why is the claim more than plausible? Because Kiev has the motive, is on record expressing the intent (to give cover for its patrons), the remnants of a Soviet scientific base, and the Western patrons capable of providing the expertise. And because a desperate state with collapsing front lines, a sacrificed population, and dwindling Western patience will consider anything, including the unthinkable, to secure leverage.

Rus
tem Umerov
sticks to the script: "gratitude to the American people, the leadership, Trump’s peace initiative." 
"The US is hearing us, the US is supporting us, the US is walking beside us." Little substance, lots of pleasantries.
 
And Europe? Europe is no brake. Europe is the accelerant. London and Paris, terrified of their own political collapse, are escalating in every direction: naval-drone terror, hybrid and kinetic warfare, now nuclear ambiguity. They fear their own voters more than they fear Moscow. That’s why they push Zelensky to take risks no sane leadership would touch. Because if Ukraine falls, their governments fall with it.

Zelensky and "The Spirit of Ukraine," 2022 and 2025.

This is how great powers sleepwalk into catastrophe: a desperate puppet state, unhinged European elites, and nuclear ambiguity. And a military alliance openly debating first strikes on a nuclear superpower.

»
It's over. NATO and the EU are finished. The Empire of Lies is crumbling. «  
 
The world is standing at the abyss. Not because Russia wants war, but because Europe’s political class is trying to outrun the judgment waiting for them at home. And if they drag Ukraine into becoming a terror regime with nukes, or drag NATO into first-strike doctrine, the next miscalculation won’t be “hybrid warfare.” It will be irreversible. We are closer to the abyss today than at any point since 1962, and the people lighting the fuse are in Brussels, London, and Paris. Not Moscow.

Wednesday, September 10, 2025

Q4 2025 Outlook: Geopolitics, Geoeconomics, and Investments | Simon Hunt

Amid a cascade of geopolitical and economic developments, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit—along with bilateral meetings in Tianjin and Beijing—emerged as the pivotal moment. President Xi’s opening address concluded with a clear message: “It’s time for action.” 
 
Simon Hunt, British economist and CEO of Simon Hunt Strategic Services, is a veteran global 
strategist with 50+ years of experience advising governments and institutions on macroeconomics, 
copper markets, China, and geopolitical risk, and a pioneer in industrial metals intelligence.

Multipolar Ultimatum: SCO Summit Signals Global Realignment 
This marks a new era of geopolitical posture—one of confident unity among the East, and a tacit ultimatum to the West. BRICS is ready, but not seeking a fight. Despite the growing strength of this bloc, their message remains: “We don’t want war, we invite partnership. But if you refuse, we will proceed without you.” This stance was echoed during a high-profile military parade showcasing next-generation hardware (HERE, select English audio track). 

» The wars in the Middle East and in Europe will escalate. «
 
The West has effectively pushed Russia and China together—and now India as well. This fulfills Brzezinski’s warning that a Russia-China alliance would mark a fatal blow to US global dominance. The realignment is now irreversible.

India, once diplomatically dancing between the West and the East, has now aligned itself firmly with BRICS. The SCO summit made this unmistakably clear through images and interactions between leaders. With China and Russia already unified, India’s inclusion forms a powerful axis comprising the world’s three largest countries by population and resource depth.

Within the SCO framework, India and Pakistan—traditionally adversarial—may find common ground. Russia maintains strong ties with India, while China supports Pakistan. Pakistan's historical alignment with the CIA may now be shifting toward China, driven by strategic and economic incentives. Even Pakistani defense leaders have acknowledged the transactional nature of their past Western alignment.
 
US Can Adopt Multipolarity Or World Will Split Into Two Blocs
The coordinated body language, messaging, and preparedness of Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and Narendra Modi made it clear: Washington and its allies are being asked to join a multilateral world. Should they refuse, the world will split into two irreconcilable blocs 
 
Historically, empires have accepted only victory or defeat, and the United States may not shift until crisis compels it. The refusal to accept a multipolar order will lead to escalating global tensions. The window for peaceful integration is closing.
 
BRICS Currency Incoming: Gold-Backed Alternative to Dollar Imminent
Within ongoing BRICS meetings, particularly between Russia and Brazil, a new currency is being discussed—one expected to be gold-backed. The Shanghai Gold Exchange is building vaults across BRICS countries, including Saudi Arabia, enabling energy trade in yuan and its conversion directly into gold, bypassing the dollar.
 
China is already settling oil trades in yuan, which Saudi Arabia converts into gold via the Shanghai exchange. A physical gold vault in Saudi Arabia would streamline this process, and with a narrowing trade imbalance, this yuan-for-gold mechanism is becoming systemic. Russia and China have already maintained such a balance for years via vaults in the People's Bank of China (PBOC).
 
Russia warns "US will use crypto to escape its $35 trillion debt". 
 
Gold at Record Highs: Short-Term Pullback Before Next Bull Leg
Gold futures reached $3,673, with silver touching $41.92. However, a short-term correction to $2,800 may occur due to the Treasury’s need to lower interest rates. This is seen as a deliberate move to accumulate gold cheaply before an eventual revaluation.
 
Silver Rising: Central Banks and BRICS Nations Accumulating
Saudi Arabia recently bought $20M worth of SLV shares. Russia has opened its first silver reserve. The US added silver to its official list of critical minerals, indicating institutional recognition of its strategic value alongside gold. The deeper message: central banks no longer trust paper assets.
 
Two-Tier US Currency Model Anticipated
The US is already in recession, and Europe is close behind. Real money supply is shrinking globally—one of the most reliable indicators of economic activity. Liquidity injections may not be enough to revive growth given looming structural banking pressures. 
 
A previously disclosed forecast from over a decade ago suggested the US could eventually introduce two dollars—a gold-backed domestic dollar and a floating offshore dollar. Technical models predict the DXY will fall to 50 by 2028, effectively doubling gold prices in dollar terms.

A potential short-term dollar rally—DXY rising from 98 to 103—could temporarily deflate gold prices. This would precede the next wave of the precious metals bull market. Treasury-driven rate cuts and liquidity injections will aim to stabilize the system ahead of 2028's deeper crisis.

American pension funds and institutions may be compelled to absorb US debt, given the exodus of foreign buyers like China. Watch India’s actions closely in this space—they will serve as a bellwether for BRICS monetary divergence.
 
 
» The contrast between Chinese dynamism and the total rot and death cult of the West and its vassals defies imagination. «
 
Ukraine Escalation Risk: EU3’s Miscalculated Strategy
The EU3—France, Germany, and the UK—appear poised to intensify the Ukraine conflict by inserting troops into the country, backed by US-supplied weapons and funded through European debt. This move, driven by strategic delusion, risks widening the war and deepening economic instability across Europe.

Should EU3 forces move into Ukraine, expect immediate capital controls in Europe, with global spillover via interconnected banking systems. This would shortcut any inflationary cycle and thrust the world directly into recession.
 
A leaked directive from France reportedly instructed hospitals to prepare for mass casualties in 2026, tied to potential direct conflict with Russia. Sources close to French military and intelligence circles confirm the plausibility of this scenario, citing deployments as “peacekeepers” that will effectively function as combat troops.
 
Iran-Israel Tensions Rising: Preemptive Strike Scenarios Loom
Parallel to Ukraine, the Middle East simmers. Iran is reinforcing its defenses with aid from Russia and China. Intelligence hints at potential preemptive strikes by Iran against Israel, marking a dangerous turning point. Iran’s foreign minister has dismissed negotiations with the US as traps, citing repeated betrayals masked as diplomacy.
 
» Globalization is coming to an end, the Spring and Autumn period is over, and the Warring States period is about to begin.
[...] From now on, the possibility of reconciliation between countries on this planet will increasingly cease to exist.
The entire Eurasian continent is about to engage in a battle royale, where every nation must firmly
choose sides in the process: either become a servant of the United States or be its enemy. 
[...] They can only choose to stand with us or face destruction. «
Chinese opinion regarding Israeli bombing of Qatar on September 9, 2025.
 
Despite its proximity to conflict, the UAE may be spared thanks to deep trade ties with Israel, cultural links with Iran, and the presence of a modern Iranian community. Any Iranian retaliation may be surgically limited to American military installations, avoiding broader damage in the UAE.

Climate Shift Confirmed: From Warming to Cooling
Melting Greenland ice is releasing cold freshwater into the Atlantic, disrupting ocean currents. Though silenced by institutions like NOAA, internal research suggests we are entering a cooling phase, not warming. The agricultural and economic implications are immense.

Food Inflation Crisis: Cold Weather, and Dust Bowl Patterns Collide
Food prices are already spiking. The FAO food index rose 7.6% YoY in July. Fertilizer shortages and extreme weather may cause one of the coldest winters in 50 years in the US Midwest. Add to this the return of the 90-year Dust Bowl cycle, and the outcome is severe crop failures and soaring food inflation.
 
Demographics vs. Growth: Global Economic Model Faces Existential Challenge 
The world's demographic peak (around 9 billion) and subsequent decline challenge the existing economic model based on infinite growth. However, this transformation will unfold over decades—not in the immediate 5-year cycle.
 
Short-Term Strategy: Long-Term Investment Now Extremely Risky
In the current fractured world order, long-term investments—by individuals or institutions—are hazardous. A global recession or depression is likely by 2028, with paper assets poised for a collapse. However, if geopolitical escalations are avoided, equities and base metals may experience a bull market from mid-2025 to 2028.

Hungary and Slovakia are likely to resist full EU alignment and avoid deeper conflict involvement. These countries, being semi-detached from Brussels, may serve as safe havens during broader European turmoil.
 
Individuals should prepare immediately. Stock deep freezers, convert garden space into vegetable beds, and plan for prolonged food cost spikes. This is a practical, immediate defense against inflation and disruption.

Thursday, August 28, 2025

Europe's Debt Ponzi Scheme 2.0—Default or Forced Loan | Martin Armstrong

During the Panic of 1893, which became a global contagion, Italy couldn't roll over its short-term debt, as it was unable to sell new bonds to pay off maturing ones. When faced with circumstances similar to what we see today, Italy did not officially default in the classic sense of failing to pay. Still, it executed a coercive debt restructuring that is widely considered a selective default or soft default in 1893–1894. This is what we refer to as a forced loan.

» We are living in a perpetual Ponzi scheme. « 
 
Italy was facing a run on its short-term debt and unable to roll over the maturing paper because there were no buyers. The Italian government, led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, did not formally declare a default. Instead, it passed a law (Legge 11 luglio 1894, n. 386) that forcibly converted the short-term Buoni del Tesoro into a new long-term bond. The law mandated that holders of the short-term Treasury notes could not be repaid in cash upon maturity. Instead, they were forced to exchange their maturing short-term paper for a new long-term government bond, called the “Rendita Italiana 5%” (5% Italian Annuity).

Where inmates run the asylum, insanity rules.

This new bond had a 5% coupon but was issued at a price below par (effectively giving a higher yield to compensate, somewhat, for the forced nature of the deal. Crucially, it was a perpetual bond, meaning it had no final maturity date.

The Italian government unilaterally changed the terms of its debt. Investors lent money for 30 days, expecting to be repaid in cash at the end of that term. The government broke that promise. Investors had no choice. They could not get their cash back; their only option was to accept the new long-term instrument. While they received a new security, it was illiquid (perpetual), and its value was uncertain. This action caused significant financial losses for many Italian banks and citizens who held the paper.

I would expect that Europe will do this when it can no longer issue new debt to pay off its old debt. We are living in a perpetual Ponzi scheme. There is only one way this ends, and that is a default or a forced loan. 
 
 
»
Europe needs war as a distraction, and stablecoins are, in fact, war bonds. « 
 

See also:

Saturday, August 2, 2025

War in Europe is Coming—The Living Shall Envy the Dead | George Galloway

The specter of NATO's war against Russia, expanding from Ukraine into the European Union, looms large, and the warnings couldn’t be more dire. While escalating tensions, particularly around Kaliningrad and in the Baltics, signal that a direct military confrontation outside of Ukraine is increasingly inevitable, Western leaders still believe they can defeat Russia. 
 
» 100% Chance of Nuclear War.«
 
French President Emmanuel Macron continues to advocate deploying troops to Ukraine, seemingly under the illusion that NATO could swiftly overpower Russia and seize its estimated $75 trillion in natural resources—oil, gas, gold, diamonds, uranium, metals, rare earths, fertilizers, and timber—everything this globalist branch manager recently wrote off in Africa. Former Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, now High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, has even suggested breaking up Russia because it’s "too big." These ideas are not just impractical; they are insane.
 
US President Trump ordered nuclear submarines with Trident missiles to target Russia.
 
»
 The US is a rogue state that can't be trusted. «
 
Most chillingly, the shadow of nuclear war hangs over this crisis—a scenario so catastrophic that, as George Galloway unmistakably put it, the living shall envy the dead: "The war in Europe is coming. And we have no plan B and nowhere to go. In any case—in a nuclear war, which is how it would end—the living would envy the dead. Far better to perish in the first flash of the blast than to crawl through the ruins, dying slowly, in agony, a zombie in the aftermath. We have nowhere to go."

Friday, July 25, 2025

89 Seconds to Midnight on the Doomsday Clock | Jeffrey Sachs

There are nine countries known to possess nuclear weapons. Perhaps more do, but nine are confirmed. Most of these countries are in geopolitical or diplomatic conflict with at least one other nuclear power. In the case of the United States and Russia, they are in open conflict—specifically in Ukraine—which is in fact a war between the US and Russia, and an extremely dangerous one. 

The world is sick of the US, Zionism, and I$raHell.


We must understand the global scene clearly in order to avoid terrible, potentially catastrophic mistakes. The US seems unable to accept a world in which it is no longer the sole superpower. But that era is over. The future is multipolar. The sooner Washington accepts this, the safer we will all be.
 
I often refer to the Doomsday Clock created by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists—a US publication founded in 1947 after the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. [...] When the clock was first introduced, it was set at 7 minutes to midnight. [...] Today, the clock stands at just 89 seconds to midnight.

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio described Gaza’s residents as "vicious animals." 
When asked whether he would call for a ceasefire, Rubio replied, "I will not do that."
21st-century Nazism or plain and simple Zionism?
 
The US sees every conflict as a zero-sum game—one side must win, and the other must lose. There is no room for compromise, coexistence, or mutual respect. But the world doesn’t work that way. In our deeply interconnected and nuclear-armed world, we must find ways to cooperate—even with rivals.

The US needs to abandon its imperial mindset and embrace a new paradigm: one based on multipolarity, mutual respect, and the rule of international law. That is the only path to peace—not just in Ukraine or the Middle East, but globally. And I believe China has an important role to play in this transformation.
 
China has consistently advocated for a multipolar world, a peaceful international order, and respect for sovereignty. These are not just slogans; they are the foundation for a workable global system in the 21st century. China’s own development since 1980 has shown that economic progress does not require military aggression. Instead, China has focused on infrastructure, education, trade, technology, and long-term planning.


The Belt and Road Initiative, launched over a decade ago, has helped dozens of countries—especially in the Global South—gain access to much-needed infrastructure. Rather than exporting war, China is exporting railways, highways, ports, and power grids. That is a model the world needs. But unfortunately, the United States sees China’s rise not as a positive development, but as a threat.

Washington policymakers talk about “decoupling,” “containment,” and even “strategic rivalry.” They send warships through the Taiwan Strait and arms to Taipei. They push military alliances in the Pacific and increase military budgets, all in the name of “competition.” But what does that competition really mean? If it’s about innovation, education, clean energy, and development—then fine. Let’s compete to build a better world. But if it’s about military encirclement, economic warfare, and ideological confrontation—then we are heading toward disaster. 

Monday, July 21, 2025

100% Chance of Nuclear War as Early as August │ Martin Armstrong

Six weeks ago, financial and geopolitical cycle analyst Martin Armstrong was signaling a major turn toward war. Now, Armstrong says, "The chances of war with a nuclear exchange are at 100%. Plan on it—this is coming."

» The chances of a war involving a nuclear exchange are at 100%. 
Plan for it—this is coming. Starting in August, this whole situation is going to escalate.  «
 
Can the world avoid nuclear war with President Trump’s 50-day deadline given to Russia to make peace in Ukraine? Armstrong says, "You do not threaten your adversary, who is at your same level, publicly. If you want to say something like that, you do it privately in a phone call. Now, what will happen is Putin cannot possibly sign a peace deal. What—are you crazy—to do this in 50 days? We have staff in Germany, and I was told by my staff that a 60-year-old friend was told to report for duty. 
 
»
There is a 100% chance that NATO will trigger a total nuclear war within the next year. «
Martin Armstrong, July 23, 2025.
 
I had a friend who was at the NATO 'Summit on Peace in Ukraine' in Switzerland, and he called me when it was over and said, ‘Holy crap, this has nothing to do with peace anymore. This is all about preparing for war. Everybody should start getting ready for drafts, to start going that way.’ They want war. They are not backing off."

 » They want war. They are not backing off. «
 
Armstrong’s computer, Socrates, is signaling war as early as next month. Armstrong says, "Starting in August, this whole thing is going to be escalating up. Our computer has what we call a ‘Panic Cycle’ within our war cycles for 2026. That is not good. I don’t know what the hell Trump is smoking. My computer has been projecting war, and it is projecting war going into 2026. This is not looking good, and Europe will lose. It is as simple as that."

Thursday, April 3, 2025

Medvedev Watching the River Flow


» As it is, Russia barely does any trade with the US and EU, nearly all of it is under sanctions. Yet, our economy is growing 3% now. 
We’ll take the advice of Lao Tzu and sit by the river, waiting for the body of the enemy to float by.
The decaying corpse of the EU economy. «
 

A significant number of European politicians have succumbed to acute Russomania (also known as Russophobia)—a psychiatric disorder stemming from a bipolar affective exaggeration of Russia’s influence on the lives of Europe and Europeans. The condition typically alternates between two distinct phases: manic and depressive.

The manic stage is characterized by motor agitation, aggressiveness, and a tendency to provoke and attack stronger opponents without assessing one’s actual capabilities against the target of the attack. Sometimes, it ends in uncontrolled urination and defecation. Examples of patients in the manic stage include Macron, Starmer, Stubb, and several other European politicians.
 
From Third Reich to European Union.

The depressive phase is characterized by melancholy, emotional and physical fatigue, eating disorders, hypochondria, and self-harm. A patient in the depressive stage of Russomania may harm themselves, including self-sterilization (self-castration). At present, this stage is more commonly observed in women (Ursula von der Leyen, Kaja Kallas) or in hermaphrodites suffering from drug addiction (patients Zelensky, Saakashvili).

Treatment is symptomatic. Traditional medications are generally ineffective. The best therapeutic effect has been observed with the combined use of strong sedative drugs such as "Kalibr," "Onyx," "Iskander," and the powerful multi-component tranquilizer "Oreshnik." In particularly severe cases, nuclear neuroleptics such as "Yars" and "Sarmat" must be used.