Showing posts with label Private Central Banking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Private Central Banking. Show all posts

Sunday, November 10, 2024

The Illusion of Control: The Fed's Quiet Coup d'État | Gerry Nolan

As Mike Lee states, the Executive Branch was meant to be under the President’s executive branch and direction. And yet, the Fed remains the ultimate untouchable, a fortress of financial power immune to democratic oversight or any real accountability. Let’s face it: The Fed is not about serving the people; it’s the nerve center of a Ponzi scheme so vast that it makes Wall Street look like pocket change.

 » The Federal Reserve isn’t a public service, it’s the vault where the
sovereignty of the American people was locked away a century ago. «

For over a century, the Fed has held the American economy in a chokehold, dictating monetary policy in ways that serve the banking elites and global financiers, while keeping citizens in perpetual debt-enslavement. It’s not a “politically independent institution” as they like to spin it - it’s a profit machine, designed to siphon wealth upwards and keep the masses at bay with breadcrumbs of credit and endless inflation.

 » The Fed is a profit machine, designed to siphon wealth upwards and keep
 the masses at bay with breadcrumbs of credit and endless inflation. «

The Fed controls interest rates, injects trillions into the economy at will, and manipulates the currency supply, all without a single vote from the American people. True sovereignty would mean a government with control over its own currency, accountable to its citizens, not be held to private bankers. But ending the Fed? That would mean dismantling the very backbone of U.S. financial imperialism, a move that would bring about sovereign economic control, yet will never happen under the current system of oligarchic “democracy.”

The real question isn’t whether Trump (or any president) could rein in the Fed; it’s whether the American people will ever realize that the Federal Reserve isn’t a public service, it’s the vault where their own sovereignty was locked away a century ago.

The Fed's Ponzi machine may be untouchable, but the illusion of freedom is slipping. How long until the curtain falls?

Quoted from:

Thursday, October 31, 2024

BRICS Will Not Kill the Dollar—War Will | Martin Armstrong

The BRICS currency was created for geopolitical reasons when the neocons transformed the SWIFT system into an economic weapon and even threatened China with the same fate if they supported Russia. Once this occurred, the neocons turned the entire world’s monetary system into a weapon of war. This is why we have BRICS; it had nothing to do with killing the dollar or backing their currency with gold.

 » All currency is fiat, even when it is gold. Just because a currency is
backed by gold does not eliminate inflation or deflation. «

Many hoped for an official announcement regarding a gold-backed currency, which failed to materialize. A gold-backed currency would be massively deflationary. The money supply could not expand with the population or in times of need without new discoveries. Just because a currency is backed by gold does not eliminate inflation or deflation. The gold discoveries of the 19th century in California, Alaska, and Australia caused significant economic upheaval, followed by wars. The fact that gold was the currency did not prevent inflation.

Spain defaulted seven times. The gold and silver they brought back from the New World led to massive inflation in Europe. Those who preach that a gold standard is the solution lack an understanding of history. They blame “fiat currency,” as if eliminating it will solve all problems. There were booms and busts throughout ancient times long before paper money existed. All currency is fiat, even when it is gold. I have shown that Southern India routinely imitated Roman gold coins because they held a premium over gold—this is fiat. Northern India and the Kushan Empire issued their own coinage primarily because they traded more with China. Southern India used imitation Roman gold coins for about 250 years, confirming that the Roman coinage was worth more than its metal content.
 
 » The purchasing power of gold fluctuated at all times. The value of a currency is determined 
by the productive capacity of its people, not by its gold reserves. «

Similar claims were made about the Euro, which also did not work out well. Why? The value of a currency is determined by the productive capacity of its people, not by its gold reserves. Japan and Germany lost the war yet rose to the top of the economic hierarchy because their populations were productive. The United States has the largest consumer-based economy, which means that everyone needs to sell their products here, requiring transactions in dollars. The US is also strong militarily, which further supports the currency's foundation.

It is time to abandon these outdated economic theories, remnants from the 18th and 19th centuries. The economy has evolved since then. The neocons are destroying the dollar and undermining the future of the United States. When we lose another one of their endless wars, financial capital will shift from New York to Beijing. Just as war diminished Britain, so will it diminish the dollar and the United States.


Saturday, May 18, 2024

China Sells Off Record Amount of Dollar Assets as US Remains World's Bully

China sold off a record $53.3 billion of Treasury and agency bonds in the first quarter of 2024, a move seen as part of Beijing’s drive to diversify from US dollar assets. This comes as gold's share in China's official reserves rose to 4.9% in April, the highest on record.
 
»
It is a wise decision to diversify away from USD and to hold physical gold in your own country. «
Claudio Grass - May 18, 2024  

[...] This comes as Beijing vowed to retaliate against the Biden administration’s tough new levies on a wide array of Chinese-made goods, ranging from semiconductors and solar power cells to electric cars - the latest move in the escalating trade war between China and the US. The PRC’s Commerce Ministry warned that it would "take resolute measures to safeguard its own rights and interests" in response to the US’s 25-100% tariff hikes, accusing Washington of turning economic and trade issues into an instrument of "domestic political considerations." The warning followed the White House accusing China of "non-market policies and practices" resulting in "growing overcapacity and export surges that threaten to significantly harm American workers, businesses and communities."

 » And people expect interest rates to decline? «
Martin Armstrong - May 18, 2024
 
[...] Asked how the latest developments could affect the greenback on the global markets, Claudio Grass, an expert on monetary history, economics and an independent precious metals advisor based out of Switzerland, argued that "it will lead to the collapse of the USD and the current system. It is obvious that the Western civilization is being destroyed by their own corrupted and rotten political system and its rulers. The renewed politically enforced separation of the East and the West will lead to turmoil and chaos."
 
 
See also:

Thursday, November 16, 2023

The Bretton Woods International Monetary System | Imran N. Hosein

Gold and silver have continuously functioned successfully as money all through our history as a civilization, until modern Western civilization emerged with an agenda of establishing its dominion over the rest of the world. In the wake of the first and second world wars a new European monetary system was formally established at the Bretton Woods Conference held in 1944. Agreement was reached amongst the Western rulers of the world on a monetary system in which only one currency, the US dollar, would be redeemable in gold at the rate of $35 per ounce of gold. All other currencies in the world would have their value determined in relation to the US dollar. Secondly, only governments, through their central banks, could redeem dollars for gold. Ordinary people who would be required to use paper currencies, could not redeem any currency for gold. An institution known as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) would be established and each member state of the IMF would be required to deposit with the IMF 25% of all gold reserves that the state possessed.
 
 The US was founded by Satanists and has been ruled by Satanists ever since. 
This is their 'Great Seal'.
» Annuit Cœptis. MDCCLXXVI. Novus Ordo Seclorum. «
» He has favored our undertakings. 1776. New Order of the Ages. «
Most of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States of America were Freemasons following the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. In their Great Seal, He is radiating above a 13-layer pyramid. The realm between He and the pyramid below is illuminated by He and reserved for the chosen few, most blessed, most obedient, and most able among his Masons. Thirteen is the number of the founding federal states of the United States of America. So, who is He? His Freemason worshipers call him Lucifer and Lord Satan and consider him the bearer and bringer of light, great insights, and mundane powers. The original Great Seal of the United States of America was crafted in 1782, six years after the American Revolution in 1776 and one year after the establishment of the United States of America as an all-embracing imperial federal republic in the model and spirit of the Roman Republic's Empire. The United States of America was founded as the epicenter of a universal empire to come, as the shining fortress of He, named "New Jerusalem," from where an unprecedented conquest and rule over all worlds beyond was to begin. After the establishment of the Bank for International Settlements in 1930, following the abolition of the US dollar's gold standard and the seizure of the goyim's gold in 1933, the original Great Seal of the United States of America was added to the design of the dollar bill in 1935, along with the words "In God We Trust," by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a 32nd degree Grand Master of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite and the 32nd US President.
 
 
In fact, gold that was deposited with the IMF functioned merely as a means through which states could seek loans on interest (backed by something of value) from the IMF. More importantly, to the extent that member-states faithfully complied with the requirement of depositing that gold, the IMF would know the extent of gold reserves of each member-state. This was further assured through a requirement that member-states must report to the Fund all sales and purchases of gold. Why would the US-controlled - and hence Zionist-controlled - IMF be so interested in knowing the quantum of gold reserves in the possession of all countries in the world? 
 
 » The IMF claimed 25% of the world's gold and prohibited the use of gold as money. «
 
What was not disclosed however was that the US dollar would remain redeemable in gold only for as long as it was convenient for the US government to honor the legal obligation to do so. And just as ominous was the other possibility that if the US government could renege on its legal obligation to redeem US dollars for gold under the Articles of Agreement of the IMF, it could also refuse to repatriate 25% or more of the world’s gold stored in USA in accordance with IMF requirements. 
 
'The House of the Temple', officially: 'Home of The Supreme Council, 33°, Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Southern Jurisdiction, Washington D.C., U.S.A.'; and 'The George Washington Masonic National Memorial'.
 
Let us pause for a moment to remind those who are unaware, that the US government has already abandoned its legal obligation to redeem US dollars for gold in August 1971, and now refuses to even audit gold belonging to the rest of the world, that is stored in the US. Strangely and mysteriously, the use of gold as money was prohibited in the Articles of Agreement of the IMF. Nowhere was an explanation offered for this strange prohibition. The likely reasons for the prohibition of the use of gold as money are as follows:
  1. To prevent the possibility that gold used as money could threaten, and cause a collapse, of the bogus paper money monetary system.
  2. To ensure that gold belonging to the rest of the world, but stored in USA, would remain undisturbed in US territory until the time arrived when the monetary system of paper money collapsed and the world returned to gold as money. At that time the legal prohibition of the use of gold as money would be removed, and gold stored with the Zionist owned and controlled Federal Reserve Bank in NY, could then be secretly and illegally transferred to Israel (the transfer may already have taken place) so that Israel’s rule over the world of money might remain unchallenged and unchallengeable. The gold stored in USA would remain largely undisturbed since there would be no reasons for a member-state to seek to repatriate its gold. What would they do with their gold, other than keeping it as a store of value? It could not be used as money.
  3. Once the member-states of the IMF had deposited 25% of their gold reserves with the IMF (i.e., with USA), member-states had begun to take IMF loans that were secured by that gold, and it would then be possible to encourage them to store more and more of their gold reserves with the IMF. If they held on to their gold, they could not use it in any way that would benefit them. And so this provision of the Articles of Agreement opened a way for USA to eventually be entrusted with storage of most of the gold reserves of the world.
Is it by accident or by design that decolonization resulted in the rest of the non-European world becoming part of a mysterious and ominous new European monetary system in which, for the first time in human history, mankind was prohibited by international law from using gold as money, and in which money with intrinsic value was replaced by money with no intrinsic value?
 
» First we plunder the Americans, then the Mexicans, the Tsars, the Germans and the Ottomans. Then all of mankind. «
Paul M. Warburg (1868–1932) was a German-born investment banker and Rothschild agent on Wall Street since 1895. He was a 'philanthropist' and the brother of Otto H. Warburg, head of the World Zionist Organization in 1911. He was the architect of the US Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve Bank and served as the spiritus rector of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. He was an original member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in 1914 and served as the Second Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1916 to 1918. He issued Liberty war bonds in 1917 and invented the post-World War I gold reparation and confiscation schemes enforced upon the defeated German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires during the Versailles and Sèvres conferences of 1919–1920, where his German brother, Felix M. Warburg, was part of the German empire's delegation seeking a peace treaty. He was a visionary and pioneer of the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund, and a globalized New Deal for Lord Satan's New Order of the Ages.
 
Is it by accident or by design that the new European monetary system supported a European banking system which together operated in such ways that they and their clients grew incredibly wealthy while the rest of the world was imprisoned in increasing poverty and destitution?
 
Has that economic impoverishment lead to political servitude? Is it true or is it false that modern political servitude invariably implies conformity with a Zionist agenda? Is it by accident or by design that European Zionist Jews and Zionist Christians have a firm control over that monetary and international banking system and are using it to the advantage of the State of Israel?
 
Is it by accident or by design that the modern secular West continued the Jihad, known as the crusades, waged by medieval Christian Europe to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim rule, until success was finally achieved in 1917? Why did non-European Christians refrain from participating in an ostensibly Christian Jihad? Why did western European Christian crusaders fight their eastern Christian brothers-in-faith while making their way to the Holy Land?
 
Is it by accident or by design that the West then presided over the birth of a State of Israel in the Holy Land some 2000 years after Holy Israel was destroyed by divine decree, and the Jews were then brought back by hook and by crook to reclaim the Holy Land as their own some 2000 years after they were expelled from it? 
 
Did all of the above take place by accident, or was it part of a grand design that would eventually make it possible for Israel to rule the world? Why would Israel want to rule the world?
 
Quoted from:
 
See also:
 

For the first time in history, the world is witnessing mass murder and genocide live on television.
The United States and the State of Israel will both be held accountable for their crimes in the Holy Land.

Thursday, October 26, 2023

BRICS+ Destroys The US And EU Currency Monopoly | Michael Hudson

There is no way that today’s international debt overhand can be repaid. That is as true for the United States as it is for Global South debtors. The US Treasury owes much more to foreign governments in the form of their holdings of US securities than it can foreseeably repay. It has post-industrialized its own economy, and has committed to spending enormous sums abroad, while its dependency on foreign imports is rising and its prospects for collecting its existing debt claims on deficit countries is looking shaky. The past half-century’s foreign investment has taken the form of privatization of the public domain of debtor countries. This investment has not helped them develop but has merely transferred ownership of their oil and mineral rights, public utilities and other assets. A viable international financial system requires productive investment such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative that can help countries prosper, not asset stripping. Dollar dominance will continue over Europe and other US satellites. Other countries that still need dollar reserves for their trade and investment with the United States can continue as it has. But what will be changed is a new basis for the international economy itself. There will not be a new BRICS currency in the sense of a dollar or euro that could become a medium for trade, investment or international speculation. There will only be a mutual "currency of settlement" of payments imbalances among central banks joining the new system. And that system itself will be based on principles opposite from the financialized neoliberal model being promoted by the Dollar/NATO bloc. That is the real context for the current discussion of BRICS+ economic reform.


President Putin was very clear when he recently talked in Valdai about a single settlement currency: "This definitely deserves our attention. It's a complex issue, and we have to solve it in one way or another." The Western press talks about how much wealth and reserves do the BRICS countries have. Naturally, you count their gold as a large part of their reserves. But where is the gold of the BRICS countries? Much of their gold is not in their own countries. It's in the New York Federal Reserve Bank, it's in the Bank of England and the gold of African countries is in the Bank of France. Right now, this gold is being held hostage. But countries can ask the US, the UK and France to give them back their gold. Germany tried to do that a few years ago and said, "Can't you begin to give us our gold back that was moved to your banks during the last seventy-five years of  US occupation? " And the US said, "Oh I'm sorry, we can't. We've already done something else with your gold. There are legal problems and we are not giving it back to you!" Now, let's say the BRICS countries would ask for their gold and if the United States and England and France will not return it, those countries could take compensation, including all of the foreign investments in their countries. They could do another thing: If, especially the African countries, say, "You've stolen our gold. You cannot expect us to pay our foreign dollar debts if you have come and seized our gold. Give us back our gold. You owe to us. And by the way, we're going to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization so you can't send your troops in and do what you did in Libya and simply grab it." This is an element of the financial future that nobody in the West has talked about.

Quoted from:

Monday, October 23, 2023

The BIS — The Apex Of The System | Carroll Quigley

The powers of financial capitalism had another far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalistic fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert by secret agreements arrived at in frequent private meetings and conferences. The apex of the system was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, a private bank owned and controlled by the world’s central banks which were themselves private corporations.
 
  The three principal bimonthly meetings are the Global Economy Meeting, 
the Economic Consultative Committee and the All Governors' Meeting.

[...] It must not be felt that these heads of the world’s chief central banks were themselves substantive powers in world finance. They were not. Rather, they were the technicians and agents of the dominant investment bankers of their own countries, who had raised them up and were perfectly capable of throwing them down. The substantive financial powers of the world were in the hands of these investment bankers (also called ‘international’ or ‘merchant’ bankers) who remained largely behind the scenes in their own unincorporated private banks. These formed a system of international cooperation and national dominance which was more private, more powerful, and more secret than that of their agents in the central banks.  
 
This dominance of investment bankers was based on their control over the flows of credit and investment funds in their own countries and throughout the world. They could dominate the financial and industrial systems of their own countries by their influence over the flow of current funds though bank loans, the discount rate, and the re-discounting of commercial debts; they could dominate governments by their own control over current government loans and the play of the international exchanges. Almost all of this power was exercised by the personal influence and prestige of men who had demonstrated their ability in the past to bring off successful financial coupes, to keep their word, to remain cool in a crisis, and to share their winning opportunities with their associates.

Saturday, August 19, 2023

The Fed's Annual Jackson Hole Meeting | Brian Cheung

Every year in August, the Federal Reserve holds a small gathering of the world’s leading economists and policymakers against the backdrop of the Grand Teton Mountains in Wyoming. Only about 120 people attend the event every year, but the publicly-released papers and speeches — as well as media engagements by policymakers — have made the Kansas City Fed's Economic Policy Symposium a landmark event for Fed watchers and investors tuned in from afar. The event has also become a globally significant affair, with central bank governors and heads traveling from as far as Japan to spend time at the Jackson Lake Lodge. The late August event is usually three days, and begins with a dinner on Thursday.


[...] The Federal Reserve’s outpost in Kansas City originally conceived the event in 1978 as a forum to discuss agricultural trade. But over the following years, the Kansas City Fed made efforts to broaden out the scope of the conference to general policy matters. In 1982, the Kansas City Fed sought to pick a venue that would fish Fed Chairman Paul Volcker out of his base in Washington, D.C. Knowing that Volcker enjoyed fly fishing, the Kansas City Fed originally sought to hold the event in Colorado, but the timing of August led them to pick a location farther north: Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

 

See also:

Wednesday, August 24, 2022

The Magic of Money | Hjalmar Schacht

Hjalmar Schacht (1967) - Man needs money and cannot exist without it. The diabolic magic of money is here clearly visible. It has helped mankind to make immense strides in economic development, and has at the same time enslaved him. Regression to a money-less condition, or the modern method of exchange by means of money any kind of money, but still money - these are the alternatives. Money plays the role of the sorcerer's apprentice - created to serve a master who cannot now rid himself of his indispensable sprite. It is the master now. 


Hjalmar Schacht (1877 – 1970), President of the Reichsbank.

[...] Modern paper money, the banknote, is backed by its creator, the State. It is true that John Law, the inventor of paper money, recommended a kind of cover based on landed property, but Law too saw that the principal security for paper money lay in confidence in the government, which has legal control over all kinds of things which would provide security. The failure which put an end to Law's measures was not so much caused by a paper money inflation, as by a collapse of speculative activity in the shares of the overseas enterprises he had founded. The value of his paper money was not based on these public companies, but only on their relationship with the state. Law rightly recognised that money, if it does not consist of tangible metal, is purely an internal affair of the national state. This remains true today.

For this reason there is no such thing as international currency. It is unlikely that it will ever come into being. International money would have to be granted the status of legal tender in all countries in which it circulates. In all these countries it would have to be possible to settle every state and private obligation in this currency. Any institution controlling this. currency irrespective of whether it is a bank or a government department would dominate the world an unthinkable situation. Currency is the most nationalistic factor in political life. Every central bank responsible for issuing it is dependent on the government of the country by whose laws it was instituted, and which makes its notes legal tender in the country's home territory.

The granting of credit is unthinkable without a central bank. No central bank can be allowed to act against the government of the country. The government is over the central bank, and influences its policies. It is thus also in a position to inflate the currency by taking up too much credit with the central bank. No international central bank could countenance such a situation. It cannot permit one of the governments with which it is associated to misuse its facilities unless every other government is in agreement. This however is a condition which cannot be reconciled with the fight of all against all in time of economic difficulty. No state will surrender so much of its sovereignty that its partners or competitors are given the power to prescribe its economic and financial policies. Standing over and above central bank and government, both of which are led and administered by changing personalities, there is a higher, impersonal, and substantially necessary law: the stability, the constancy of value, of money. This higher law has in the past granted the central banks an autonomous, independent position. Governments change, and can pursue good or bad currency and credit policies according to whether or not it is to the advantage of the party in power. 
 
Schacht in an Allied internment camp, 1945.
"Dr. Schacht, you should come to America. We’ve lots of money and that’s real banking".
Schacht replied, "You should come to Berlin. We don’t have money. That’s real banking".

[...] Even if common currency is regarded and desired as the crowning achievement of the European Common Market, it would be wrong to leave the relationship between the government and the central bank out of account. [...] The closer the economic ties between various countries, the easier will it become to reach agreement on currency policies. Whether these will ultimately lead to a unitary currency will always depend on the extent to which the participants are prepared to surrender their sovereignty. Here in fact is the Common Market's chief problem.

Wednesday, June 18, 2014

Modern Money Mechanics | The Alchemy of Global Neo-Feudalism

"Modern Money Mechanics" was a booklet published
and distributed by the Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago, originally written by Dorothy M. Nichols
in May 1961. Described as a "workbook on bank re-
serves and deposit expansion", the text offers a
detailed description of the basic process of money
creation out of absolutely nothing in today’s glo-
bally established fractional reserve banking schemes
such as the Federal Reserve System and the European
Central Bank (see also HERE).
Most academic texts teach that money is created first by someone making a deposit and then the bank waits for someone to come along and borrow it. 

However, that is not true: Modern Money Mechanics explains how money is created the instant it is borrowed. In other words, debt creates money. All the so called ‘Western’ governments create bonds (= public debt), give them to private bankster-cartels called ‘independent central banks’ or 'commercial banks' which use that debt to create money. There is no other value attached to it. It is the act of borrowing which causes it to spring into existence. Also all other banks are creating money based on a borrower’s promise to pay (the IOU = I Owe You). They create money by ‘monetizing’ the public and private debts of businesses and individuals.

In his book ‘The Creature from Jekyll IslandG. Edward Griffin elaborates on this in the example of the US:

» The entire function of this machine is to convert debt into money.  It’s just that simple.  First, the Fed takes all the government bonds which the public does not buy and writes a check to Congress in exchange for them.  (It acquires other debt obligations as well, but government bonds comprise most of its inventory.) There is no money to back up this check. These fiat dollars are created on the spot for that purpose. By calling those bonds “reserves,” the Fed then uses them as the base for creating 9 additional dollars for every dollar created for the bonds themselves. The money created for the bonds is spent by the government, whereas the money created on top of those bonds is the source of all the bank loans made to the nation’s businesses and individuals. The result of this process is the same as creating money on a printing press, but the illusion is based on an accounting trick rather than a printing trick. 

The bottom line is that Congress and the banking cartel have entered into a partnership in which the cartel has the privilege of collecting interest on money which it creates out of nothing, a perpetual override on money which it creates out of nothing, a perpetual override on every American dollar that exists in the world. Congress, on the other hand, has access to unlimited funding without having to tell the voters their taxes are being raised through the process of inflation. If you understand this paragraph, you understand the Federal Reserve System.

[…] The federal government adds ink to a piece of paper, creates impressive designs around the edges, and calls it a bond or Treasury note. It is merely a promise to pay a specified sum at a specified interest on a specific date […] this debt eventually becomes the foundation for almost the entire nation’s money supply.  In reality, the government has created cash, but it doesn’t yet look like cash. To convert these IOUs into paper bills and checkbook money is the function of the Federal Reserve System.

An instrument of government debt is considered an asset because it is assumed the government will keep its promise to pay […] so the Federal Reserve now has an ‘asset’ which can be used to offset a liability. It then creates liability by adding ink to yet another piece of paper […] the “Federal Reserve Check” […]

There is no money in any account to cover this check. Anyone else doing that would be sent to prison. It is legal for the Fed, however, because Congress wants the money, and this is the easiest way to get it […] The process is mysteriously wrapped up in the banking system […] The Federal Reserve check is then deposited in one of the Federal Reserve Banks […] These checks become the means by which the first wave of fiat money floods into the economy.
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