Kondratiev Waves Aligned with Solar Cycles | Leonty Miroshnichenko

If cosmophysical periods influence the climate, changes in crop yields, epidemic disasters, and creative productivity, it is difficult to imagine that these rhythms would not be reflected in the economy. The economic cycles discussed in modern literature on the dynamics of economic indicators are well-known space (natural) periods. It was through the study of variations in economic indicators that it was first understood that the dynamics of such a complex system are not described by a single cycle or rhythm, but by a set of cycles, i.e., a spectrum.

Data on Economic Conditions ("Kondratiev waves") versus Solar Activity (SA) shows that the turning points of

economic fluctuations are closely aligned with some maximums of the Wolf number. The dates of SA maxima

and minima prior to 1749 were reconstructed from indirect historical and geophysical data.

The spectrum of economic cycles exhibits a number of peaks, with the most significant periods being: 3.5, 5.5, 8.0, 11.0, 18.0, 20–22, and 54 years. Short periods (e.g., the 3.5 year Kitchin cycle) can have certain regional characteristics. On the other hand, long economic cycles must apply to the entire global economy. These include the long "Kondratiev waves" (54 years), named after the prominent Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev (1892–1938). The graph above shows data on economic conditions ("Kondratiev waves") versus solar activity (SA). The turning points of economic fluctuations closely align with some maximums of the Wolf number. The dates of solar activity maxima and minima prior to 1749 were reconstructed from indirect historical and geophysical data.

Observed and predicted ​Solar Cycle Sunspot Number in the top chart, and F10.7cm Radio Flux in the bottom chart, 2013-2036.

Updated December 2, 2024.

The "Kondratiev waves" have been clearly traced in the world economic system since the early eighteenth century, appearing in many indicators simultaneously—such as industrial production, wholesale prices, and the number of innovations in industry and agriculture. Although the parameters of these fluctuations change slightly, reflecting evolutionary changes in the world economy, the cyclical nature persists to the present day. There are various theories about the origin and nature of these fluctuations, which indicates that the issue remains unresolved. In this book, we are primarily concerned with the possible connection between the "Kondratiev waves" and solar activity and ecology. In other words, the question arises: Is there synchronism between the peaks of the "Kondratiev waves" and the cosmophysical parameters?

» On average, the difference between the peaks and troughs of solar activity and economic cycles does not exceed six months. «

88% of recessions since the 1800s and 100% of major financial crises occurred during the downturn of sunspot cycles. 

The answer is illustrated in the first graph above. It shows the positions of the extreme points of the long "Kondratiev waves"—their maxima and minima (peaks and dips). These points are determined by analyzing a large dataset characterizing the state of the world economy since the end of the seventeenth century. In this analysis, we considered the results obtained by representatives of various economic schools, each using their own independent economic indicators (indices). The turning points in the trends of the global economy are marked with arrows, and circles indicate the positions of the solar activity (SA) maxima. Dark circles represent those SA maxima located near the extreme points of the "Kondratiev waves," while light circles represent the others.

As shown in the first graph, in only two cases out of 11, the difference between the dates of the black circles (SA) and the dates of the economic peaks and troughs is 3 years. On average, the difference does not exceed half a year. Thus, changes in the world economy are clearly associated with variations in solar activity: when trends in the development of the world economy change, they are almost certain to occur at the maximum of the solar cycle. The pendulum of the economy swings in sync with solar fluctuations. Whether economic oscillations with a half-century period are self-oscillations or exogenous rhythms is secondary. It is evident that the world rhythm is introduced into the economy by Nature.

Quoted from:
Leonty Miroshnichenko (2023) - Solar-Terrestrial Relations. From Solar Activity to Heliobiology (original Russian edition 2011).

 

IZMIRAN (ИЗМИРАН – Institute of Radioastronomy and Applied Physics) is an institute within the

Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская академия наук), located near Moscow.

 

The average 11-year sunspot cycle can vary in length, ranging from eight to fourteen years. This cycle occurs due to the Sun’s magnetic poles flipping—north becomes south and vice versa—approximately every 11 years. About 11 years later, the poles reverse again, making the full solar cycle actually a 22-year phenomenon (Hale Cycle). 
 

See also:

 Simon Hunt (2025) - Markets Amidst Trump 2.0: Geopolitics & Geoeconomics in 2025.

Mikhail Gorbanev (2016) - Solar Activity and Economic Recessions. 

TPR (2012) - The Kondratieff Cycle and Its Subdivisions.

Solar Activity and "Violence-from-Below" Events | Suitbert Ertel

Alexander Chizhevsky's 1921 claim of a relationship between solar activity and revolutionary mass behavior is examined. A Master Index of Violence-from-Below Events (MIVE) is compiled, consisting of 2,101 events and 4,000 references extracted from 18 historical sources (chronologies, timelines, etc.) covering the period A.D. 1700–1985. [...] The relationship between solar activity and violence-from-below is found to be highly significant (p < .001). 

A.L. Chizhevsky (1897–1964), Russian scientist, Soviet Gulag prisoner, and founder of heliobiology, a field dedicated to
studying the impact of solar activity on biological, social, and psychological processes. His work spanned experimental
biophysics and hematology (structural analysis of blood). In addition to his scientific pursuits, Chizhevsky wrote poetry,
engaged in literary criticism, and taught history and archaeology.

 

At the 1926 Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, an American participant delivered a paper written in 1921 by Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, who was then a 24-year old Russian scholar. Its bombastic title "The Influence of Cosmic Factors Upon the Behavior of Organized Human Masses, as Well as Upon the Universal Historical Process" appeared laughable. The author claimed that occurrences of social unrest, rebellions, upheavals, revolutions are significantly correlated with solar activity, i.e., with the ups and downs of magnetic turbulence of the sun. In his own words: "The greatest revolutions, wars and other mass movements which have created nations, have given origin to the turning points of history, and have shaken the life of humanity and entire continents, tend to coincide with the periods of the maxima of the sun’s activity". [...] Since 1958, after being rehabilitated from Stalin's Gulag system, Chizhevsky has been acknowledged in Russia and elsewhere as the founder of the discipline of "heliobiology." By then some of his claims had appeared less vaunting and more admissible, especially in medical science circles: Typhus, influenza pandemics, cholera, and other epidemic diseases, as well as the morbidity of animals, were alleged to be correlated with solar activity. Chizhevsky's major claim, however, the correlation of turning points in human history with solar maximum conditions, was deemed unthinkable.

 

Secrets of the Sun — A.L. Chizhevsky's legacy.

[...] In line with Chizhevsky’s hypothesis it is assumed that human behavior, if correlated at all with solar activity, would turn spontaneous and impulsive under helioactive conditions among many people at the same time. The probability of mass activation would increase. Therefore all events indicating "violence-from-below" are regarded pertinent, i.e. spectacular attempts by large groups of people at enforcing changes of their living conditions. The category "violence from below" has been adopted from Johan Galtung who distinguished between (1) violence from below (revolutionary violence); (2) violence from above (counter-revolutionary); (3) horizontal violence between equals over some incompatible goals; and (4) random violence, related neither to interests nor to goals. 

 

» An event is coded violence-from-below if the chronology
refers to it by one or more of the above verbal labels. «

 

 » The idea of Q-analysis is simple. If historical events are independent of solar activity, their temporal distances from
the nearest solar maximum should be random. Even though a revolution might coincide with a solar maximum due

to chance, this should occur relatively infrequently. For larger numbers of historical turning points, temporal distances

from solar maximum years should not differ from chance expectation. The same applies for solar minimum years. «

Unlike Chizhevsky, we did not lump events of Galtung's four categories together. Thus, all horizontal violence acts were not considered, such as territorial or international wars, which are generally not launched by the people but by institutional authorities. Violence from above was also excluded, except if such occurrences indicated preceding acts of violence from below. Galtung's random violence events (Category 4), such as massacres and pogroms—however rare expressions of mass unrest—were also included. [...] Palace revolts, coups d’états, and similar instances of violence without involvement of the ruled masses remained unconsidered, as well as individual acts of violence directed against authorities without apparent involvement of a larger population (e.g., assassination, terror acts). [...]

 

Conclusions

Evidence has been accumulated in this study supporting the claim of Chizhevsky of a connection between solar activity and violence-from-below. A comprehensive Master Index of Violence Events (the MIVE database) was compiled, and influence of bias was strictly excluded. The procedure of analysis circumvented methodological artifacts arising from autocorrelations. In addition, the distribution generated by randomizations allowed for straightforward significance judgments. Finally, results obtained from genuine data were compared with results obtained from various controls. It turned out that the hypothesized connection between solar activity and violence-from-below is positive (the more solar activity, the more social violence), and the correlation is generally not lagged. 

 

 » The more solar activity, the more social violence, and the correlation is generally not lagged. «

A p-value of less than 0.001 indicates the very strong statistical correlation between solar activity and violence-from-below, 

making the result highly reliable, with the likelihood of the relationship occurring by chance being less than 0.1%.

 

 Observed and predicted ​Solar Cycle Sunspot Number in the top chart,
and F10.7cm Radio Flux in the bottom chart, 2013-2036.

 

 Experimental Solar Cycle 25 Prediction, updated December 2, 2024.

In sum, history text references to violence-from-below events tend to coincide with the years of maximum solar activity. However, a number of ensuing problems need to be solved:

1. Physical Variables: Which variables are actually effective? Are solar emissions responsible? Are mediators like geophysical disturbances or climate involved? Solar activity effects on the world’s climate are too small and too slow to explain unlagged revolutionary behavior. Geomagnetic influence is somewhat more likely, but cycles of geomagnetism peak about two years later than solar cycles. Cosmic radiation, whose intensity is attenuated by solar magnetism, might be an effective variable.
2. Physiological Variables: Which psychobiological structures underlying violence-from-below are responsive to such hidden stimulation? Neural structures for sensory or subsensory perception, for emotional processes, or for cognitive processes?
3. Effect Size: How strong are solar correlated (external) factors compared to social-political dynamics (internal factors)? The external factors are apparently strong enough to emerge despite internal political dynamics. If the external effects were weak, they would be diluted.
4. Effect Limitations: Why is solar maxima not always associated with violence-from-below? Why did high violence-from-below sometimes emerge despite low solar activity? Historical incidences of unexpectedly high or low violence — “unexpectedly” in view of deviating solar conditions — might be of foremost interest for investigating the range of heliodependence of social-political dynamics. 
   
5. Concomitants: The role of revolutionary events in broader societal and historical contexts must be considered. Long wave oscillations have been claimed between liberal and conservative worldviews, and economic cycles of the famous Kondratiev type ought to be put into perspective. The connection between violence-from-below with conflicts of horizontal extension (international wars) needs investigation.
6. Generalizations: Revolutionary movements are generally seen as expressions of new ideas rather than as blind valves releasing stowed-up aggressions: “Revolution is ... a war of ideas”. The question arises whether ideational activity in other domains, aside from the social-political domain, may oscillate with changing solar activity-related conditions.
7. Present and Future: How strong is solar activity in 1996? We find ourselves in the midst of a solar minimum. Applying our above observations, we may be tempted to conclude that presently the probability of major world revolutions is low. The most recent turning point in contemporary history occurred in 1989, a solar maximum year. The 1989 revolution brought to an end an era whose beginning was the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, a solar maximum year. The next solar maximum is expected for A.D. 2000 or 2001. The probability of revolutionary upheavals on this globe should then be greater. It seems advisable, however, to postpone predictions and to rather await further conclusions from research conducted by macroecologists, i.e., by a team of experts from all those disciplines of science, social science, and history whose contributions to solving the solar activity riddle are badly needed. Regrettably, such a team does not yet exist, but researchers in chronobiology/chronomedicine and in biogeomagnetics are not far from setting the stage: "An international and truly interdisciplinary effort will be required to ascertain the validity of biogeomagnetics ... to scrutinize physiological harbingers and their possible correlations with 'space weather' parameters."

Quoted from:
Suitbert Ertel (1996) - Space Weather and Revolutions - Chizhevsky's Heliobiological Claim Scrutinized. 

 

 The Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms.

See also: 

Alexander L. Chizhevsky (1921) - Physical Factors of the Historical Process. (Физические факторы исторического процесса.)

Alexander L. Chizhevsky (1936) - The Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms. (Земное эхо солнечных бурь.)

 Alexander L. Chizhevsky (1938) - Les Epidemies et les perturbations electro-magnetiques du milieu exterieur.

Sacha P. Dobler (2018) - Solar History: The Connection of Solar Activity, War, Peace and the Human Mind in the 2nd Millennium. 

Sacha P. Dobler (2020) - Solar Behavior: How Solar- and Geomagnetic Conditions shape Human History.

N. Chandra Wickramasinghe et al. (2020) - Solar Cycle, Maunder Minimum and Pandemic Influenza.

Mikhail Gorbanev (2020) - Shifting Pattern of Extraordinary Economic and Social Events in Relation to the Solar Cycle.

Strong Inverse Correlation between Ap Index and Gold Price | Vladimir Belkin

A strong inverse correlation (coefficient -0.7879) between the geomagnetic Ap Index and the gold price, with a one-year lag, is observed over 57 years of data.

 

 Strong inverse correlation, with a one-year lag—seriously?

 

Based on the results of his study, the author predicts a significant decline in the price of gold in 2024.

 

Reference: 

Vladimir Belkin (January 2024) - Geomagnetic Ap Index (1966-2022) and the Price of Gold with a Lag of 1 Year (1967-2023): Evidence of a Strong Inverse Correlation. 

Ap Index 2018 into 2032 (NASA, updated December 5, 2024).

 

 Gold (weekly bars) – January 1 to December 17, 2024: +28%.

2025-2027 Oil Price Decline Linked to Solar Cycle Activity | Vladimir Belkin

This study of solar-terrestrial relationships compares the years of the solar cycle based on Wolf sunspot numbers and the arithmetic averages of crude oil prices from 1970 to 2023 (solar cycles 20-25), all presented in a single chart. Mean annual Wolf numbers were sourced from the Solar Influences Data Analysis Center (SIDC), while Brent crude oil price data (adjusted to 2021 dollars) was obtained from BP and the Federal Reserve Economic Data website for 2022-2023.

Order of years in solar cycles and crude oil prices for the period 1970-2023.

Very strong correlation (coefficient 0.9908)

 

Using this data, the above diagram was created to illustrate the very strong correlation (coefficient 0.9908) between crude oil prices and the ordinal years of the solar cycles for the period 1970-2023.

 

 Polynomial function of oil price and year number in solar cycle for 1861–2019.

Very strong correlation (coefficient 0.9897)

Since 2024 marks the fifth year of the current Solar Cycle #25, it corresponds to an average forecast Brent oil price of $74.18 per barrel. In 2025, the sixth year of the cycle, the projected price is $56.04. In 2026, the seventh year of the cycle, the forecast is $43.84, while the anticipated price for 2027 is $42.84.

 

Reference: 

Vladimir Belkin (October 1, 2024) - Oil Price Decline in 2025-2027. 

 

See also:
Vladimir Belkin (2020) - Oil Prices and Solar Activity: Evidence of Strong Ties (1861–2019). 

Lu QiYuan (2024) - Scott Bessent's Covert MAGA Strategy for Trump 2.0.

Mikhail Gorbanev (2017) - Solar Activity and Economic Recessions. 

Sunspot Number 2018 into 2032 (NASA, updated December 5, 2024).

 

 SIDC 12-month ahead predictions of the monthly smoothed Sunspot Number.

The US Is Now Ready for Violence, Civil War & Secession | Martin Armstrong

This will probably be the last election in the United States, for we will most likely split into three regional governments. [...] There is no question that post-election violence will be extreme. Whenever you have this winner-takes-all system and political corruption unfolds, the LEFT is not seeking to govern the nation; they are seeking to oppress all opponents.

 

 » The United States will most likely split into three regional governments. «

 

[...] Democracies are supposed to be where people have the right to vote. The Democrats were denied the right even to select their candidate. This is tyranny, for Kamala was merely installed. [...] Typically, governments go into civil wars when there is a conflict that is culturally/ethnically, religiously, or racially driven, and we are now checking that box and just waiting for the election. We will face a rigged and contested election that neither side will accept. When there is no confidence in the government anymore, the ONLY resolution is always violence. History confirms this prognostication. How can there be such fantastic polls for Kamala, who never won a single delegate during the 2020 primary, and we look at the only real independent poll organization that shows confidence in Congress down to 7%?

 » No question that post-election violence will be extreme. «

It does not matter who wins. This election will NEVER be accepted, and it certainly will NOT unify the country. The Democratic Convention threw Trump’s name out 329 times. It was just a hate fest. That will ensure violence. The LEFT will never accept a Trump victory – NO WAY!!!!! There is no belief that this election will be free and fair. The United States has declined into this dangerous characteristic that warns the country is far too divided to stand. I am concerned that the dollar may decline FOR THIS REASON. I want to think that reform is possible. Unfortunately, history tells us that when an empire, nation, country, or city-state is this divided, REFORM becomes possible only AFTER violence.  

 

Quoted from:
Martin A. Armstrong (August 30, 2024) - Can the Dollar Survive a Civil War?

 

See also:
The Alex Jones Show (August 30, 2024) - Martin Armstrong Warns 2024 Will
Probably Be The Last U.S. Election. (video)

 

» The most important historical events occur in the 3-year period around sunspot maximums. «
Alexander Chizhevsky — 1924

» The most important European revolutions of the XIX and XX century overlapped closely
with the sunspot maximums. «
Mikhail Gorbanev — 2016

Migrant Gangs Taking Control of US Cities. — August 30, 2024

See also:
Martin A. Armstrong (June 6, 2024) - The Five Stages of the Revolutionary Cycle.

L. David Linsky (October 24, 2023) - War and Regime Change soon in the US.

Mikhail Gorbanev (2016) - Solar Activity and Economic Recessions.

 Serge Bernard (2016) - From Conquest to Affluence to Collapse: The 250 Year Empire Life Cycle.

Maurice Cotterell (2001) - Sunspots and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations.

Alexander Chizhevsky (1924) - Physical Factors of the Historical Process.

Mathematics is the Poetry of Logical Ideas | M.A. Vukcevic

» Mathematics is the poetry of logical ideas, it is the silent language of reason. «

M.A. Vukcevic

 2012

The Physical Factors of the Historical Process | Alexander Chizhevsky

In 1924 Russian scientist Alexander Chizhevsky advanced a theory claiming that the solar activity cycles affected all of human history. He drew insight from the striking observation that two Russian revolutions of the early XX century (in 1905-07 and 1917) and several major European revolutions of the XIX century (in 1830, 1848, and 1871) occurred in the years of maximum solar activity. 

 

To justify his conviction, Chizhevsky scrutinized the available sunspot records and solar observations comparing them to riots, revolutions, battles and wars in Russia and 71 other countries for the period from 500 B.C. to 1922 A.D. He proposed to divide the eleven-year solar cycle into four phases:

1. 3-year period of minimum activity (around the solar minimum) characterized by passivity and “autocratic rule”;
2. 2-year period during which people “begin to organize” under new leaders and “one theme”;
3. 3-year period (around the solar maximum) of “maximum excitability,” revolutions and wars;
4. 3-year period of gradual decrease in “excitability,” until people are “apathetic.”

Chizhevsky found that a significant percent of revolutions and what he classified as “the most important historical events” involving “large numbers of people” occurred in the 3-year period around sunspot maximums. Through his further studies, Chizhevsky came to believe that correlations with the solar cycles could be found for a very diverse set of natural phenomena and human activities. In his book, he compiled a list of as many as 27 of them that supposedly fluctuated with the solar cycle, ranging from crop harvests to epidemic diseases to mortality rates. According to his studies, the periods of maximum solar activity were generally associated with negative effects such as lower harvests, intensification of diseases (including psychological ones), and higher mortality rates. However, Subsequent studies generally did not confirm the strength and scope of all the links between solar activity and various physical and social processes claimed by Chizhevsky.

Even as the link between solar activity and revolutions was not as strong as originally claimed by Chizhevsky, it appeared to be able to withstand a statistical test. In 1992 Russian scientist Putilov analyzed large samples of historical events mentioned in the chronology sections of two of the largest Soviet historical encyclopedias (numbering nearly 13,000 events in one book and 4,600 in another). He classified the events into four groups on the dimensions of “tolerance” (e.g., riot-reform) and “polarity” (e.g., civil war-external war). Putilov found that frequency and “polarity” of historical events increased in the year of the maximum of the sunspot cycle and in the next year after it, particularly when compared with the year of the minimum and the year before the minimum. The probability of revolution (the most polar and intolerant of historical events) was the highest during the maximum and the lowest in the year before a minimum of solar activity, with very high statistical significance. The results suggested that solar activity does impact historic events, particularly in the years of sunspot maximums. 

 

In Chizhevsky’s own words (translated):

Alexander Chizhevsky (1922) - The principles of modern natural science have urged me to investigate whether or not there is a correlation between the more important phenomena of nature and events in the social-historical life of mankind. In this direction, beginning in the year 1915, I have performed a number of researches, but at present I am submitting to the public only those which are directed towards determining the connection between the periodical sun-spot activity and (1) the behavior of organized human masses and (2) the universal historical process. The following facts are based upon statistics gathered by me while submitting to a minute scrutiny the history of all the peoples and states known to science, beginning with the V century B. C. and ending with the present day.

1. As soon as the sun-spot activity approaches its maximum, the number of important mass historical events, taken as a whole, increases, approaching its maximum during the sun-spot maximum and decreasing to its minimum during the epochs of the sun-spot minimum.

2. In each century the rise of the synchronic universal military and political activity on the whole of the Earth's territory is observed exactly 9 times. This circumstance enables us to reckon that a cycle of universal human activity embraces 11 years (in the arithmetical mean). The fluctuation's mean curves of the universal historical process on all the surface of the Earth during the period from V century B.C. till XX century A.D. (along the abscissa axis are marked the years, along the ordinate axis – the quantity of important historical events. Dots mark the pretelescopic and later – astronomical data of the sun-spot maximum. Hyphens mark its minimum):

 

Parallelism of the curves of sun-spot activity (below) and the universal human military-political activity (above) from 1749 till 1922:

 

3. Each cycle according to its historical psychological signs is divided into 4 parts (periods):

I. Minimum of excitability: 3 years;
II. Growth of excitability: 2 years;
III. Maximum of excitability: 3 years;
IV. Decline of excitability: 3 years;

 

The number of historical events in each cycle is distributed approximately according to the data for 500 years (XV—XX cent.) in the following manner (in the mean):

I.  period: 5%;
II.  period: 20%;
III.  period: 60%;
IV. period: 15%.

Schematic Summary of Properties of a Complete Historiometric Cycle:

4. The course and development of each lengthy historical event is subject to fluctuations (periods of activity and inactivity) in direct dependence upon the periodical fluctuations occurring in the sun's activity. Formula: the state of predisposition of collective bodies towards action is a function of the sun-spot periodical activity.

5. Episodic leaps or rises in the sun's activity, given the existence in human societies of politico-economical and other exciting factors, are capable of calling forth a synchronic rising in human collective bodies. Formula: the rising of the sun-spot activity transforms the people's potential energy into kinetic energy.

My studies in the sphere of synthesizing historical material have enabled me to determine the following morphological law of the historical process:

6. The course of the universal historical process is composed of an uninterrupted row of cycles, occupying a period equaling in the arithmetical mean 11 years and synchronizing in the degree of its military-political activity with the sun-spot activity. Each cycle possesses the following historio-psychological peculiarities:

a. In the middle points of the cycle's course the mass activity of humanity all over the surface of the Earth, given the presence in human societies of economical, political or military exciting factors, reaches the maximum tension, manifesting itself in psycomotoric pandemics:  revolutions, insurrections, expeditions, migrations etc., creating new formations in the existence of separate states and new historical epochs in the life of humanity. It is accompanied by an integration of the masses, a full expression of their activity and a form of government consisting of a majority.
b. In the extreme points of the cycle's course the tension of the all-human military-political activity falls to the minimum, ceding the way to creative activity and is accompanied by a general decrease of military or political enthusiasm, by peace and peaceful creative work in the sphere of state organizations, international relations, science and art, with a pronounced tendency towards absolutism in the governing powers and a disintegration of the masses.

7. In correlation with the sun-spot maximum stand:

a. The dissemination of different doctrines political, religious etc., the spreading of heresies, religious riots, pilgrimages etc.
b. The appearance of social, military and religious leaders, reformists etc.
c. The formation of political, military, religious and commercial corporations, associations, unions, leagues, sects, companies etc.

8. It is impossible to overlook the fact that pathological epidemics also coincide very frequently with the sun-spot maximum periods.

9. Thus the existence of dependence between the sun-spot activity and the behavior of humanity should be considered established.

One cycle of all-human activity is taken by me for the first measuring unit of the historical process. The science concerned with investigating the historical phenomena from the above point of view I have named historiometria.

At present I am working on a plan of organizing scientific institutes for determining the influence of cosmic and geophysical factors upon the condition of the psychics of individuals and collective bodies, and devising a working method for them.

A.L. Chizhevsky
November, 1922; 10 Ivanovskaia st., Kaluga, Russia.

Translation:
Sergey Smelyakov (2006) - Chizhevsky's Disclosure: How the Solar Cycles Modulate the History.

 

This article was adopted from:

Mikhail Gorbanev (2015) - Alexander Chizhevsky (1897-1964) - Russian interdisciplinary scientist.

Reference:
Alexander Chizhevsky (1924) - Physical Factors of the Historical Process.
Original in Russian: А.Чижевский (1924) - Физические факторы исторического процесса.

See also:
Alexander Chizhevsky (1938) - Les Epidemies et les perturbations electro-magnetiques du milieu exterieur.
Alexander Chizhevsky (1936) - The Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms.
Original in Russian: А.Л.Чижевский (1936) - Земное эхо солнечных бурь.

Carlos Garcia-Mata & Felix I. Shaffner (1934) - Solar and Economic Relationships: A Preliminary Report.
A.A. Putilov (1992) - Unevenness of distribution of historical events throughout an 11-year solar cycle.
Original in Russian: А.А. Путилов (1992) - Неравномерность распределения исторических событий в пределах 11-летнего солнечного цикла.

Miroslav Mikulecký (2007) - Solar activity, revolutions and cultural prime in the history of mankind.

L. Gumarova et al. (2012) - Geographically selective assortment of cycles in pandemics: meta-analysis of data collected by Chizhevsky.

Mikhail Gorbanev (2015) - Can solar activity influence the occurrence of economic recessions?